Gonatopus angustus

Gonatopus angustus is an interesting plant belonging to the plant family Araceae closely related to and often found growing alongside Zamioculcas zamiifolia that makes an interesting easy to care for pot plant.

Gonatopus angustus occurs in Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa where it is found in sand forest in Tongaland in northern KwaZulu-Natal as well as in Mpumalanga

Gonatopus angustus after a winter rest period produces one leaf in the late spring together with one or two flowers from its large tuber which resembles a potato.

In cultivation as an indoor pot plant, I have found that it does best in bright light with a little sun in a free draining sand with very little organic material. My plants are fed with a dilute liquid fertilizer formulated for growing vegetables in hydroponics. Do not over pot this plant also do not over water, allow the soil to dry out completely for a few days before watering. During the dormant period do not water until the new leaf appears in late spring.

Gonatopus angustus appears to be relatively pest free, to date I have never experienced any pests such as mealie bug or scale on my plants.

Gonatopus angustus can easily be propagated by dividing the tuber immediately after the plants has become dormant in the winter. Do not water until a new leaf appears in late spring.

Michael Hickman

19.05.21

please visit my websites 

www.ecoman.co.za 

www.hlem.co.za 

as well as my other blogs at

http://luthulienvironment.blogspot.com/ 

http://ecomandurban.blogspot.com/

http://ecoman.co.za/projects/emalangeni.html

https://www.hlem.co.za/emalangeni.html

Reptiles and Amphibians in the eMalangeni Peat Swamp Forest

Here are a few of the reptiles and amphibians that one could encounter in the eMalangeni Peat swamp forest. I will be adding to this list as from time to time when I have taken identified more species as well as when I take or acquire more photos.

The flap-necked chameleon, Chamaeleo dilepis 

known as unwabu in Zulu is a lizard belonging to the family Chamaeleonidae which apart from being found in the eMalangeni Peat Swamp Forest has a very wide distribution, occurring throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa from as far north as Ethiopia and Somalia to a western extreme of Cameroon, and as far south as northern and eastern South Africa. It inhabits coastal forest, moist or dry savannah, woodland and bushy grasslands, and may also venture into rural and suburban areas.

Unwabu the flap-necked chameleon, Chamaeleo dilepis in the eMalangeni Peat swamp forest at Kosi Bay

Chamaeleo dilepis is a large green chameleon a pale stripe on the lower flanks reaching a total length of 35 cm that is difficult to not recognize. 

The Flap-Necked Chameleon feeds on Insects, particularly grasshoppers and beetles, in return they are commonly preyed on by snakes such as the Boomslang (Dispholidus typus) and the Southern Twig Snake (Thelotornis capensis).

It is easy to tell the males from the females in the Flap-Neck Chameleon, the males having a broadness at the base of their tails and also a spur growing out from the back of each hind foot.

Unwabu reproduces by means of 10-40 eggs that are laid in a hole dug into the soil that take 10–12 months to hatch. 

Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus 

which grows to a length of 16 meters, and a weight of up to 500 kilograms, is the largest reptile to be encountered in the emalangeni Peat Swamp Forest where it is to be found on the shores of lake aManzimnyama as well as in the aManzimnyama river and its side streams that flow through  and drain the forest into the Lake.

Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus

The Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus which is known locally in the Zulu language as Ingwenya is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, occurring mostly in the central, eastern, and southern regions of the continent, and lives in different types of aquatic environments such as lakes, rivers, swamps, and marshlands.

Greater Leaf-folding Frog, Afrixalus fornasinii

belonging  to the frog family Hyperoliidae are relatively large, conspicuous frogs which are easily distinguished from the sympatric dwarf Afrixalus species, both morphologically and by its loud, distinctive call.

Greater Leaf-folding Frog, Afrixalus fornasinii belonging  to the frog family Hyperoliidae in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest Kosi Bay.

The Greater Leaf-folding Frog which occurs in the eMalangeni Peat Swamp Forest has a wide distribution that extends from the coast of southern Somalia southward through East Africa to Malawi, Mozambique and eastern Zimbabwe into South Africa where it occurs along the coast of KwaZulu-Natal as far south as Port Edward. 

 fornasinii is locally abundant, it also occurs in a number of coastal and lowland reserves such as those at Mkuze, False Bay, St Lucia and Mtunzini. 

this frog gets its name because of its habit of  longitudinally folding leaves up to 1 m above the water into which between 30 and 80 white eggs are deposited in which take about five days to hatch when they fall into the water. The tadpoles that are carnivorous appear to specialize on mosquito larvae they metamorphose about three months later hatching.

During the breeding season, Afrixalus fornasinii inhabits more-or-less stagnant water bodies containing large stands of saw grass Afrixalus Afrixalus and bulrushes Typha Afrixalus. 

In winter they have been found sheltering in the leaf axils of arum lilies, Zantedeschia aethiopica  and Strelitzia nicholai, often a considerable distance from their breeding sites.

Southern Tree Agamas, commonly known as Blue-headed lizards, Acanthocercus atricollis

The Blue-headed lizards apart from being found in the eMalangeni Peat Swamp Forest has a very large range in Africa being found in the following countries, Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, D.R.C., Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa.

This magnificent lizard is called the black-necked agama (Acanthocercus atricollis) when its most striking feature is the bright blue head of the male

When breeding, the males are colourful and their vividly blue heads are most striking. Non-breeding males and females are considerably less conspicuous although their more understated scaly markings still render them handsome reptiles.

Blue-headed lizards that are ambush foragers are active during the day when they catch and eat mostly insects, particularly ants, as well as beetles and grasshoppers, at night they sleep in tree hollows or under loose bark. Agamas are unusual in that Most lizards do not eat ants because they are too acidic. 

Eastern Hinged Back Tortoise, Kinixys zombensis, ufudu, Glattrand-Gelenkschildkröte

I was most amazed to find this tortoise pictured below wandering around feeding in the eMalangeni forest, I had never thought of tortoises as being forest dwellers.

Eastern Hinged Back Tortoise, Kinixys zombensis

Hinged Back Tortoises are famous and unique due to the ability to close the back part of the shell over their hind limbs, likely as protection from big cats and other powerful predators. Most species are considered at least threatened and several are very endangered. They are a significant food source in most of their range, some people using trained dogs to locate them. There is also pressure from over-collection for the pet trade and habitat loss.

They do not hibernate, but possibly aestivate or just rest in hot, dry weather.

The head and limbs are generally typical of a tortoise- elephant-like limbs with slightly flattened fore-limbs- but are longer and more slender. The limbs and shell shape give them a distinctive 'walking downhill' look. No visible toes, but five toenails on each limb. The tail has a nail-like claw on the tip. The limb coloration is usually fairly solid, ranging from tan to nearly black.

Eastern Hinged Back Tortoise, Kinixys zombensis

Eastern Hinged Back Tortoise is an omnivore, with a very varied diet consisting mainly of vegetables, twigs, roots, leaves, fruits, earthworms, snails, tadpoles and other small invertebrates.

The African striped skink (Trachylepis striata), commonly called the striped skink, is a species of lizard in the skink family (Scincidae).

The Gaboon Adder Bitis gabonica

This post is not complete I will continue in the morning

Michael Hickman

19.05.21

please visit my websites 

www.ecoman.co.za 

www.hlem.co.za 

as well as my other blogs at

http://luthulienvironment.blogspot.com/ 

http://ecomandurban.blogspot.com/

http://ecoman.co.za/projects/emalangeni.html

https://www.hlem.co.za/emalangeni.html

 

Methuselah's beard lichen Ursnea longissima in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest

Methuselah's beard lichen, Usnea longissima,  a well know medicinal plant  is a lichen in the family Parmeliaceae grows epiphytically on trunks and branches of trees in the eMalangeni forest.

Usnea longissima is a  pale grayish-green fruticose lichen that grows like leafless  tassels which anchored themselves on bark or twigs.

Like other lichens Usnea longissima is a symbiosis of a fungus and an alga. In the genus Usnea, the fungus belongs to the division Ascomycota, while the alga is a member of the division Chlorophyta. The branches of Usnea have an inner central cord which is elastic when wet.

Methuselah's beard lichen Ursnea longissima in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest

Usnea lichens have a history of use that spans centuries and countries from ancient Greece and China to modern Turkey, from rural dwellers in South Africa to modern-day naturopathic physicians and herbalists in the United States.

Usnea lichens are rich in usnic acid, which has demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Additionally, it exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. 

Usnea longissima reproduces via vegetative means through fragmentation, asexual means through soredia, or sexual means through ascogonium and spermatogonium. The growth rate of Usnea longissima in nature is slow. An aid in identifying the genus Usnea is the elastic chord or axis running through the middle of the thallus that can be revealed by gently pulling a filament apart from either end.

Methuselah's beard lichen, Usnea longissima

Usnea longissima is very sensitive to air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide, it can therefore be used as a bioindicator, because it tends to only grow in those regions where the air is clean and of high quality. Where the air is totally unpolluted, they can grow to 10–20 cm long.

Usnea longissima where it occurs is often used as nest insulation material by birds such as the cape white eye.

When dry Usnea longissima is extremely flammable which makes it ideal to be used as a fire starter.

Michael Hickman

10.05.21

please visit my websites 

www.ecoman.co.za 

www.hlem.co.za 

as well as my other blogs at

http://luthulienvironment.blogspot.com/ 

http://ecomandurban.blogspot.com/

http://ecoman.co.za/projects/emalangeni.html

https://www.hlem.co.za/emalangeni.html

The Gaboon Adder Bitis gabonica in the eMalangeni Forest

The Gaboon Adder Bitis gabonica is a large, colourful and highly venomous snake that with a measure of good luck can be seen in the eMalangeni Peat Swamp Forest in the southern portion of the Kosi Bay System.

The Gaboon Adder Bitis gabonica

Although the Gaboon Adder has a wide distribution throughout the tropical rainforests of Africa, in South Africa they are confined to the hot and humid coastal forests that stretch south from the Mozambique border to the Mapelane Nature Reserve which is the southern most reserve within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park just South of lake St. Lucia then further south to Mtunzini being their southern limit.

The Gaboon adder is the largest of the adders in Africa, weighing up to 20 kilograms and reaching lengths of up to 1.8 meters, with a head up to 15 cm across at the widest point. In South Africa they are a little smaller averaging from .90 to 1.20 meters in length. The fangs which are the longest of any venomous snake may reach a length of 55 mm. Unlike most snakes the Gaboon Adder gives birth in late summer to up to 60 live young.

The colouration is a striking combination of light and dark brown, pink and purple arranged in diamonds and stripes along its back.  Light and dark lines radiate from around its small eyes. The  broad head mimics a fallen leaf, right down to the central vein, this striking pattern is excellent camouflage in the snake's native habitat, helping it blend into the leaf litter on the forest floor.

Gaboon Adders with are primarily nocturnal have a reputation for being slow-moving and placid, locomotion is mostly rectilinear, in a sluggish walking motion of the ventral scales.

Gaboon Adders are passive ambush hunters, waiting often for considerable periods of time, often in puddles of water, concealed to strike at whatever variety of birds, mammals, and amphibians such as doves, guineafowl, francolins, many different species of rodents, including field mice and rats, as well as hares, rabbits, frogs and toads, even prey items, such as monkeys, that pass within range.  It has been reported that the occasional kid goat belonging to local farmers has been caught and eaten by the Gaboon adder at eMalangeni. Unlike most venomous snakes that strike and release the Gaboon adder holds onto its prey until its dies.

Gaboon adders have a placid nature and very rarely bite humans, most bites that do occur happen when the snake is stepped on before it has an opportunity to get away. If harassed, it will raise the upper part of its body and they may hiss loudly as a warning, doing so in a deep and steady rhythm, slightly flattening the head at the expiration of each breath. Despite this, they are unlikely to strike unless severely provoked, however, they are one of the fastest-striking snakes in the world, so care should be taken in regards to provoking them.

A bite from a Gaboon adder is extremely rare, due to their unaggressive nature, their sluggishness and unwillingness to move even when approached. Bites most often occur due to persons accidentally stepping on a Gaboon adder, but even then in some cases this does not guarantee a bite. When a bite does occur, though, it should always be considered a serious medical emergency. Polyvalent anti venom is effective in the treatment of a bite from the Gaboon adder.

Please pay a visit to the African Snake Bite Institute for more information and lots more photos

https://www.africansnakebiteinstitute.com/snake/gaboon-adder/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwytOEBhD5ARIsANnRjVgY8o5GH_LqwWppznLB048ZSuneDrU_1Q4cKLmbO3tgmuiMrPiaZVIaAlFTEALw_wcB

Michael Hickman

06.05.21

please visit my websites 

www.ecoman.co.za 

www.hlem.co.za 

as well as my other blogs at

http://luthulienvironment.blogspot.com/ 

http://ecomandurban.blogspot.com/

http://ecoman.co.za/projects/emalangeni.html

https://www.hlem.co.za/emalangeni.html

What is a peat swamp forest?

What is a peat swamp forest?

Peat swamp forests known as idobo in the Zulu language are moist forests that are formed where waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing. Over time, this creates a thick layer of acidic peat inhabited by unique plant communities adapted to these wet, acidic, nutrient and oxygen poor soils.

Swamp fig Ficus trichopoda growing on the banks of the aManzimnyama river in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest

Peat swamp forests form in areas where saturated soils or frequent flooding prevent organic material from fully decomposing. As this organic material slowly accumulates, it retains even more water through capillary action, up to 13 times its weight, acting as a giant sponge that holds in the moisture. Peat swamps known as ixhaphozi in the Zulu language eventually form a dome of wet organic material that can rise  above the surrounding flood levels.

It takes thousands of years for peatlands to form, with organic matter accumulating at 0.5 – 2 mm per year . Peat layers over 4 meters  are common, while depths of up to 20 meters  have been reported.

 Above is a photograph of the water well known as Kwa Ginga that has been used by the eMalangeni community for over 100 years in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest. the well was named after the royal son of Makhuza Tembe

The unique hydrology of this habitat provides a critical buffer against flooding during the wet season, and insurance against drought in the dry season. The swamp retains heavy rainfall and slowly releases the moisture over an extended period of time. As climate change results in more extreme weather events and irregular precipitation, this ecosystem service is becoming even more critical.

The jewel of the eMalangeni Forest Euphaedra neophron,  the gold banded forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae

In many ways, Peat swamp forests are similar to other tropical and sub-tropical lowland forests such as in the size and density of large trees. Unique biological communities are specially adapted to thrive in the flooded, oxygen poor environment.

Many tree species have large buttresses and Seepage of black water stained by tannins  in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest to hold themselves up in the soft peat soil. Others have pneumatophores or are covered with lenticels at the base of the stem to permit gas exchange with the air, as soils are waterlogged and often inundated.

The red mangrove Rhizophora mucronata with prop roots to support it in the unstable peat soil

Wetland associated plants are also very common in the understory and on the forest floor, epiphytes growing on the trees right up into the canopy are numerous, such as ferns and orchids.

 

The epiphytic fern Microsorum punctatum growing on threes in the eMalangeni peat Swamp forest in the Kosi Bay System 

Peat Swamp Forests supply numerous ecosystem services to human communities.  These are natural services that are beneficial to humans but not paid for directly, these  services include timber and non timber forest products such as honey, nuts, fruits, medicines, latex, dyes, and fiber.   Peat swamps also provide fresh water and fish to local communities.

 

Peat Swamp forests regulate landscape hydrology, and have been described as “landscape sponges”, absorbing excess rainwater during wet seasons and during extreme storm events, and steadily releasing stored water during dry spells or droughts. They also serve as biofilters which trap sediments and excess nutrient runoff from agricultural activities upstream.  In their natural state, peat swamps are also globally significant sinks of atmospheric carbon.  

The Narina trogon Apaloderma narina is a most spectacular forest bird that is to be found in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest.

In South Africa peat swamp forests are highly threatened ecosystems, being the second rarest forest type in the whole country and only occur in isolated patches from the Mozambique border a few kilometers north of the Kosi Bay System  and the eMalangeni peat swamp forest to just south of the Msikaba River in the Eastern Cape 

The coastal peat swamp forests on the flat coastal plain of Maputaland which include the eMalangeni coastal peat swamp forest the largest of the peat swamp forests represent seventy five percent of all the swamp forest found in South Africa. 

 

The eMalangeni coastal peat swamp forest which has a total area of 880 ha feeds the Siyadla- aManzimnyama river that flows through it is the largest peat swamp forest in South Africa. The eMalangeni coastal peat swamp forest which is situated immediately south of lake aManzimnyama is the main source of fresh water for the Kosi Bay Lake System.  

The water that is released by the eMalangeni peat forest  into the aManzimnyama river (black water river) is stained dark brown by the tannins that leach from the fallen leaves and peat, hence the name aManzimnyama the Zulu name for black water.

The aManzimnyama river, black water river that flows through the eMalangeni peat swamp forest

The eMalangeni peat swamp forest displays a gradient between wet and dry swamp forest. Raphia australis, Syzygium cordatum, Schefflera umbellifera generally grow under drier conditions, while Syzygium cordatum, Voacanga thouarsii grow in intermediate conditions and Ficus trichopoda dominate the Riverine area of the forest.

The drier swamp forest on the western shore of Lake aManzimnyama has large stands of the endemic Kosi Bay Palm, Raphia australis palms. Syzygium cordatum which exhibits a grade of hydrological preferences, is mostly absent in the very dry Raphia australis and very wet Ficus trichopoda dominated vegetation areas.

The Kosi Bay palm Raphia australis growing in the eMalangeni peat swamp forest

Heavily disturbed areas of the forest which were caused primarily due to previous agricultural practices are characterized by a general lack of a fully developed tree canopy as well as hydrological modifications made to the peat by means of drainage ditches. Natural gaps in the forest are created where stands of the monocarpic Raphia australis palms die and fall over after flowering. 

Traditionally the light and durable wood of the endemic Raphia australis palms has been a very important component in the livelihood of the local peoples, the collection of fallen rachi is used for construction material for houses as well as canoes and rafts to cross the aManzimnyama river. 

A traditional boat used on the lakes at Kosi Bay made of the leaf rachi of the Kosi Bay palm Raphia australis

In the past traditional farming practices enabled the local communities who have been relocated to live in harmony with their wetlands for several generations, as they rotated their gardens on a chosen peatland  and still have wetland habitat that remain intact in spite of their presence over several centuries. 

Tourism in this largely pristine peat swamp forest area that has been placed under the protection of the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority  is playing an increasingly important role in the local economy as access and tourist numbers improve due to better infrastructure, such as new roads and lodges, and wider circulated publicity. 

An African Jacana  Actophilornis africana and young on the lily pads of the blue water lily Nymphaea nouchali in the eMalangeni peat forest

Guided excursions that offer far more scientific knowledge and interesting facts in regards to the plants birds animals and other creatures encountered in the forest than the usual guided can be conducted in English, Zulu and German into the eMalangeni Swamp Forest and surrounding area including the nearby Tembe Elephant Park can be arranged and tailored to the individual needs of the client/s no matter at which establishment one will be staying at while at Kosi Bay. Please visit one of my websites for contact details.

Michael Hickman

29.04.21

please visit my websites 

www.ecoman.co.za 

www.hlem.co.za 

as well as my other blogs at

http://luthulienvironment.blogspot.com/ 

http://ecomandurban.blogspot.com/

http://ecoman.co.za/projects/emalangeni.html

https://www.hlem.co.za/emalangeni.html

Colourful Birds of the eMalangeni Forest

Here are some the most colourful of the birds to be found in the eMalangeni Forest and forest margins that we will endeavor to show you when you book to be taken on an eco-excursion through the Forest and explore the surrounds.

I had no option other that to place this photo of a  Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus first because it is the bird that I have on my Ecoman company logo.

The White-eared Barbet  leucotis is more often seen than heard as it chatters away like a parrot up in the trees.  

The Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus can be found most days at eMalangeni on the forest margins hawking insects in particular dragon flies often near to the nesting site.

The Gorgeous Bush-shrike  Telophorus quadricolor is another of the forest birds that are more often heard than seen but if one has some patience these birds will appear as if by magic out of the undergrowth.

The Burchell's Coucal Centropus burchellii may not be as colourful as some of the other forest birds  at eMalangeni but it is a character in its own right that can be heard calling the rain in the early spring. 

It would not be summer without the distinctive call of the Diderick Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius that lays her eggs in the nest of in particular the Spectacled and Dark Backed Weavers in the emalangeni Forest.

The Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius is another well known South African bird that is heard far more than it is seen.

The African Finfoot Podica senegalensis is a shy and seldom seen water bird that can be seen in the eMalangeni Swamp Forest.

Crested Guineafowl Guttera edouardi lives in the forest but tends to nest on the forest margins in very well hidden nests.

The White-crested Helmet-shrike Prionops plumatus conspicuously moved that the forest in noisy family parties.

The Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus can not be overlooked when they are around because they move around in large noisy groups. they are one of the main agents of dispersion of the seed of the Kosi Bay cycad Encephalartos ferox very often dropping them under the Water berry trees Syzygium cordatum where they roost after eating them.

The Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator also moves around in large noisy groups and also is a major distributer of the seed of the Kosi Bay cycad at eMalangeni.

The African Jacana Actophilornis africanus can be found where ever there is floating vegetation in the river streams that flow through the eMalangeni swamp forest and on the edges of Lake Amanzimnyama

The Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata can be found along the Amanzimnyama river and the streams that flow through the eMalangeni swamp or peat forest is it is scientifically referred to.

The Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis can be found sleeping in the leaf litter on the eMalangeni forest floor for those who have good eyesight and an measure of luck.

The Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus that announces its presence with a load and distinctive call while sitting high up in the forest trees at eMalangeni.

African Wood-owl Strix woodfordii are to be found in the eMalangeni Swamp Forest

The fruit eating African Green-pigeon Treron calvus will be found in groups where ever wild fig trees are fruiting in the forest.

The Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola will usually be found near to water hawking insects on the wing.

The Red-capped Robin-chat Cossypha natalensis is a familiar and common garden bird in many gardens which is mostly still know as the Natal Robin.

eMalangeni is home to this magnificent insect eating Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus

No forest along the KwaZulu-Natal coast would be complete without this colourful little Collared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris.

The Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra olivacea is often found in the deep shade of the forest hawking insects or drinking nectar from the forest Strelitzia, Strelitzia nicholai.

African Purple Swamphen Porphyrio madagascariensis a beautiful but very aggressive bird that skulks in rank reeds and waterside vegetation.

The Red-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus pusillus is a fruit and insect member of the barbet tribe found living in the eMalangeni swamp forest.

The Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus is very similar in habits to the red-fronted tinkerbird.

The spectacularly beautiful insect eating Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina is one of the gems of our indigenous swamp forest at eMalangeni.

Livingstone's Turaco  Tauraco livingstonii is another of the rare gems to be found in the eMalangeni swamp forest.

The Purple-crested Turaco Gallirex porphyreolophus has become a common and tame garden bird in urban gardens along the KwaZulu-Natal coast.

 No collection of bird photographs of birds of the eMalangeni swamp forest would be complete without the icon bird of the forest the Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angiogenesis also known as the vulturine fish eagle being presented. this large bird of prey is most unusual as it has a particular relationship to the Kosi Bay Palm Raphia australis the oil rich fruits of which represent a large portion of its diet

I thank a very long time friend Mark Tittley the senior youth pastor of Encounter Youth the youth ministry of Every Nation Rosebank in Johannesburg, South Africa for all of the excellent photographs he has allowed me to use for this posting without them it would not have been possible at this moment in time.

Guided excursions

Please join us on one of our many guided excursions conducted in Zulu, English or German into the eMalangeni Forest, Kosi Bay area, Tembe Elephant Park the home of the world largest elephants and other surrounding natural areas.

Please visit one of my websites for my contact details.

Michael Hickman

18.04.21

Please visit my websites at

www.ecoman.co.za

www.hlem.co.za

as well as my other blogs at

http://luthulienvironment.blogspot.com/ 

http://ecomandurban.blogspot.com/

http://ecoman.co.za/projects/emalangeni.html

https://www.hlem.co.za/emalangeni.html